Nuclear fusion reaction - source of solar power

Sun is the ultimate energy source, the energy it creates in one billionth of a second is still more than that created by burning earth's complete coal reserves. Have you ever wondered how does it create all that energy, and how does it transfer it from its core to the surface located half a million kiometer away. This educational science animation shows you everything.

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Description Preview Full Version Shop Size (KB) 105 514 US$ 49.00    35.00 Time (hr:min:sec) 0:2:0 Preview 0:45:0 Add To Cart                                                                      Check price in your currency   Nuclear Fusion and Energy transfer in the SunContent : Educational science software  Type : Animation  Duration : 45 minutes Topics Covered : What is the Sun made up of? Structure of Sun From where does the sun get its energy?  Nuclear fusion reaction at the center of the sun- source of solar energy How does Sun's core act as a nuclear fusion reactor? Conversion of Nuclear matter into energy calculation How is energy transported from the core to the outer surface (situated millions of kilometer away from the core) of the sun? Explanatory Notes contain: Why nuclear fusion reactions take place only at the core of the Sun? Why nuclear fusion reactions do not blow up the Sun? How do nuclear fusion reactions produce tremendous energy? Nuclear fusion reactions on earth- requirement, possible implementation by magnetic confinement and inertial confinement, disastrous application in production of nuclear weapons Prices are for single user license, refer for School license here, You can alsoSubscribe to view full animation, More .. Note: (Some full version software does not contain sound),

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Structure of the Sun with detailed description of core, radiative zone, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone and the corona The educational software takes you deep inside the Sun, every smallest concept is explained, using animation, text and interactivity What is happening in the middle of the Sun, how can electrons be stripped away from atoms creating the plasma state, how can a temperature of 15 million K can be achieved The proton - proton fusion can only take place at high temperatures, how do we achieve this on earth ? What makes the sun shine? How does the sun produce enormous energy necessary to support life on earth? How does ionization of atoms takes place? How does the sun burn hydrogen in "nuclear furnace" to create energy The nuclear fusion in the Sun involves fusion of Deuterium with another proton with Helium as the end product. Hydrostatic equilibrium balances outward thermal pressure and inward gravity trying to collapse the Sun to the center

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This educational science animation has been prepared keeping the curiosity of the audience, an effort has been made to cover the Sun's source of energy and the complete mechanism of transfer of energy from the core to the surface, the box-open notes at various places inside the animation provide crucial details. Nuclear fusion reaction - source of solar power: Hydrogen nuclei (protons) fuse to create helium-4 and release energy in several stages: 1. Two protons combine to form a deuterium (hydrogen atom with one neutron), a positron (similar to electron, but with a positive charge) and a neutrino 2. A proton and a deuterium atom combine to form a helium-3 atom (two protons with one neutron) and a gamma ray. 3. Two helium-3 atoms combine to form a helium-4 (two protons and two neutrons) and two protons. Now, the helium-4 atoms are less massive than the two hydrogen atoms that started the process. The difference in mass was converted to energy given by Einstein's theory of relativity (E=mc2).  The high-energy gamma ray photons produced at the core is then transported to the space by the process of radiative diffusion and convection and then again by radiation. During the energy transport mechanisms, the entire gamma rays in the core are converted into visible, ultraviolet light, X-rays, visible light, infrared, microwaves and radio photons producing a continuous (thermal) spectrum. Thus it is this energy produced by the nuclear fusion at the sun's core that strikes the earth, provides warmth to the planet and drives our weather and provides energy for life. Since Sun has got a vast amount of hydrogen element, it will continue to produce energy for next billion numbers of years and is therefore an inexhaustible source of energy for us.

Posted By Denita Prakoso Saturday, May 28, 2011

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alpha rays were scattered by air molecules

Educational physics animation : To see the invisible needs extraordinary vision, the discovery of nucleus was a landmark event that changed the course of science and development in this world leading to creation of nuclear power plants and ironically nuclear bombs. Lets see how this discovery was made by these extraordinary men.

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Description Preview Full Version Shop Size (KB) 327 829 US$ 50.00    30.00 Time (hr:min:sec) 0:4:0 Preview 1:10:0 Add To Cart                                                                      Check price in your currency   Discovery of Nucleus by Rutherford:Category : Atomic theory Type : Animation Total animation length: One hour 10 minutes Animation Type : AdvancedAnimation contains the following Radioactivity and its discovery- gateway to know the structure of atom Investigation of radiations produced by radioactive elements Rutherford's Gold foil experiment Why did he take Gold for studying the scattering of alpha rays? What did he expect from the experiment - alpha ray scattering by Thomson's atomic model What were the observations of the experiment? Conclusions- discovery of nucleus Atom as per Rutherford- Planetary Model of the atom What holds the electron in circular orbit? Was Rutherford's atomic model able to explain the characteristics of matter and mystery of spectral lines? Drawbacks of Rutherford's model - instability of the atoms Why was Rutherford's model unstable? Prices are for single user license, refer for School license here, You can also Subscribeto view full animation, More .. Note: (Some full version software does not contain sound),

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Rutherford's experiment for identifying alpha,beta and gamma rays Rutherford's vision of the atom Rutherford's Planetary atomic model Calculations for deflection of alpha rays The gold foil experiment and scattering of alpha rays Failure of Rutherford's model - formation of line spectra Analysis of electron's velocity vector- changing direction leading to acceleration Emission of electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic wave creation Thomson's atomic model was the basis of Rutherford's experiment

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The science animation explains the following in a story like manner using in-depth explanation, the discovery of nucleus. Lord Rutherford while studying the nature of the Curie's radiation discovered that the radioactive elements emit three types of radiations with different penetrating power namely alpha (least penetrated), beta (moderately penetrating) and Gamma (highly penetrating). When these radiations were subjected to electric fields, alpha rays were found to be positively charged particles while beta rays were found as negatively charged light particles. Gamma rays were found to be neutral in nature. While studying the properties of these radiations, Rutherford noticed that the beam of alpha rays when were made to fall on a photographic plate by passing it through air, the edges of the slit became diffused and widened. He concluded that the alpha rays were scattered by air molecules. To get a clearer evidence about the scattering he along with his co-workers Geiger and Marsden built an apparatus to bombard alpha particles on thin metallic foils. The metallic foil he selected for his experiment was a very thin gold foil.  Now if the atoms were actually arranged according to Thomson, then the alpha particles would go undeflected. But during experimentation it was found that though most of the alpha particles went right through the thin foil, a few alpha particles rebounded almostdirectly backwards. These large angle deflections were not consistent with Thomson's model. From the above observations he concluded that large scattering angles could only occur if most of the mass of the atom, and all of its positive charge reside in a very small, extremely dense region called the atomic nucleus. Thus Rutherford established a new model of the atom that was similar to the structure ofplanets in orbit around the sun. Rutherford's model consisted of a dense positive core at the center of the atom with electrons orbiting around it. This is called as Planetary Model of the atom. Though Rutherford was successful enough to explain the rearrangement of the charged particles within the atom, his model faced some serious problems.

Posted By Denita Prakoso Saturday, May 28, 2011

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Millikan to measure the charge of an electron and thereby enabled the calculation of its mass

What was the charge on an electron? The answer to this question opened up a plethora of experiments that led to present developments, the answer was provided by Millikan who conducted his famous oil drop experiment to find it. It is however difficult to understand his experiment. This physics animation depicts the experiment in step by step manner with detailed explanation and is very useful for teachers and students.

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Description Preview Full Version Shop Size (KB) 87 541 US$ 49.00    29.00 Time (hr:min:sec) 0:2:40 Preview 0:50:0 Add To Cart                                                                      Check price in your currency   Millikan's oil drop experiment : Category : Atomic theory Type : Animation Total animation length: 50 minutes Animation Type : Advanced Animation contains the following 1) How was the charge on the tiny particle electron determined? Millikan's oil drop method 2) Why Millikan used oil drops? 3) How the oil drops were charged? 4) Forces acting on the oil drops 5) Calculations to determine the charge & mass 6) How was quantization of charge proved? 7) Achievements of oil drop experiment More regarding Millikan's experiment in explanatory notes- Early attempts to determine the charge on an electron How Millikan determined the Avogadro number ? Prices are for single user license, refer for School license here, You can alsoSubscribe to view full animation, More .. Note: (Some full version software does not contain sound),

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Millikan's experiment Ionizing air molecules Oil drops observed through microscope Oil drops falling in the chamber Forces acting on the oil drops, drag force (not shown here) also acts on the drop Millikan's oil drop apparatus Drag force calculation on oil drop

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Though J.J Thomson discovered the electron, it was left for Robert Millikan to measure the charge of an electron and thereby enabled the calculation of its mass. Before Millikan Townsend and later on Wilson made an attempt to measure the charge on the drop but the experiments that they conducted were highly prone to large number of errors. The main failure was that there was no way of isolating an individual particle (So the values were suspected.) Until Millikan devised his land mark experiment. For his experiment Millikan used very tiny oil droplets (due to its low evaporation rate). As the oil drops entered the chamber picked up charges through friction with the nozzle of the atomizer and colliding with air molecules. They were also subjected to radiation source so that the probability of charged oil drops will be high in the chamber. These droplets were allowed to fall initially under the influence of gravity and air resistance. Millikan observed these drops through a microscope. By focussing on a single oil drop its terminal velocity was calculated. Then the oil drops were subjected to electric field.  Since the oil drops were charged the electric force influenced them. An oil drop moving slowly towards the positive plate was focussed. Its terminal velocity was also calculated. Then by applying fluid dynamics in equations of motion, the charge on the drop was determined. He measured the charge for numerous drops and found that the smallest charge was always 1.6 * 10-19 C. He assumed that this integer to be the fundamental unit of charge, the charge on an electron. From this the mass of an electron was calculated which was found out to be 1830 times smaller than that of a hydrogen atom. This provided the evidence for electron as a sub atomic particle. Thus Millikan found that a. Charge is quantised b. Electron is a sub atomic particle c. Avagadro's number more accurately

Posted By Denita Prakoso Saturday, May 28, 2011

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